Dr Jarrod Gilbert Sociologist
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New Zealand’s rape culture myth.

22/7/2014

29 Comments

 
I have several arts degrees. That makes me a liberal wanker. But above all else, as a sociologist, I seek understandings without fear or favour.

With that in mind, I am troubled by the use of this term ‘rape culture’ that New Zealand is said to uphold. It seems that every second person among the privileged middle classes, and therefore many of my friends, are throwing it around as if it’s a fact. It’s entering the kiwi lexicon.

Despite its sociological roots in the 1970s where it undoubtedly served an important polemical purpose, many using the term ‘rape culture’ in the New Zealand context today are simply using it incorrectly.

We do not celebrate rape in art nor is it a custom or social behaviour of our society. Actually, we sanction strongly against it. New Zealand most certainly does not uphold a rape culture. It’s a misnomer that has taken on a life of its own.

There are some who victim-blame, and traditionally policing has been far from ideal, but the former tends to be isolated to small, mostly conservative or religious individuals, and the latter has changed dramatically. Even historically, when these elements were more rife, it’s doubtful this ever encapsulated a ‘rape culture’ per se. Furthermore, by overegging the cake the people who use the term do a disservice to the important cause of addressing sexual violence.

This is why many men got upset with David Cunliffe apologising for being a man, or why some turn around an argument about male violence and point out violence perpetuated by women. It’s because the vast majority of men are not violent toward women, sexual or otherwise. I have sympathy with this position of frustration; innocent people don’t like to be labelled. It’s akin to generalising that women are caregivers (though the vast majority of primary caregivers are female) because it’s sexist, perhaps offensive. Although not as offensive as saying that New Zealand’s men uphold a culture of rape.

It has bizarrely become taboo to say it, but not all men are the problem. That is a fact. We are all, however, part of the solution. Men need to speak out and step-up when they see sexual harms occurring. This includes being mindful of sexist language. There are some linguistic examples of engrained sexism in language that illuminate how words affect our thinking. Language is important. And that, in part, is why we need to stop saying New Zealand has a rape culture. It’s not just inaccurate it’s also unhelpful.

*I have donated $100 to Women’s Refuge as part of my commitment to the cause. If all people who read this did that then we’d make their day, I’m sure.

29 Comments
Sonya
22/7/2014 08:26:41 am

Maybe if you take a look at this definition of rape culture on the Shakesville blog you'll change your mind:

Rape culture is encouraging male sexual aggression. Rape culture is regarding violence as sexy and sexuality as violent. Rape culture is treating rape as a compliment, as the unbridled passion stirred in a healthy man by a beautiful woman, making irresistible the urge to rip open her bodice or slam her against a wall, or a wrought-iron fence, or a car hood, or pull her by her hair, or shove her onto a bed, or any one of a million other images of fight-fucking in movies and television shows and on the covers of romance novels that convey violent urges are inextricably linked with (straight) sexuality ...

Rape culture is telling girls and women to be careful about what you wear, how you wear it, how you carry yourself, where you walk, when you walk there, with whom you walk, whom you trust, what you do, where you do it, with whom you do it, what you drink, how much you drink, whether you make eye contact, if you're alone, if you're with a stranger, if you're in a group, if you're in a group of strangers, if it's dark, if the area is unfamiliar, if you're carrying something, how you carry it, what kind of shoes you're wearing in case you have to run, what kind of purse you carry, what jewelry you wear, what time it is, what street it is, what environment it is, how many people you sleep with, what kind of people you sleep with, who your friends are, to whom you give your number, who's around when the delivery guy comes, to get an apartment where you can see who's at the door before they can see you, to check before you open the door to the delivery guy, to own a dog or a dog-sound-making machine, to get a roommate, to take self-defense, to always be alert always pay attention always watch your back always be aware of your surroundings and never let your guard down for a moment lest you be sexually assaulted and if you are and didn't follow all the rules it's your fault

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Michael Tavares link
22/7/2014 09:39:55 am

Best first comment ever. Perfect response. Yes we do have rape culture in NZ. Thank you Sonya for spelling it out. #yesallwomen

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Jarrod
22/7/2014 10:08:23 am

That is a wonderful spiel and it spells out numerous feminist concerns. It's terrific, but that's a culture of protection, not rape. By telling my girlfriend to be careful I'm not part of a 'rape culture'. In the same way when she tells me to be careful of gangs, she's not part of gang culture. That's not semantics, it's logic. Still, I appreciate the post, everybody should read it. But you should maybe put up a link to the original if it's not your. Thanks again, Jarrod

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Sonya
22/7/2014 10:28:44 am

Here's the link here: http://www.shakesville.com/2009/10/rape-culture-101.html

The point this blogger was making is women are given all these instructions about how to keep safe, such as dressing right and not being outside at night, which puts the onus on the woman to keep herself safe.

This does not acknowledge the fact that an estimated one in four New Zealand women have experienced some form of sexual abuse and about 85 per cent of the time from someone known to them. Therefore, following this advice does not work.

When a woman (or a man for that matter, but for simplicity's sake I'll just talk women) talks about being sexually abused, the first questions asked of her are often, "were you drinking?", "what were you wearing?" or "where were you?" - suggesting part of the blame for sexual assault comes from the victim herself.

A woman is sexually assaulted because the man is a sexual abuser, no other reason.

A woman wearing a short skirt while walking home from the pub is not "asking for it", she is wearing what she wanted to wear and trying to get home.

To suggest otherwise is rape culture.

Frankie
22/7/2014 01:01:04 pm

That isn't a great analogy...for a start there aren't a whole lot of people saying things like "He's not really in a gang, he just asked to borrow some money a bit clumsily" or "You shouldn't have walked down the street wearing clothes that make it obvious how much money you have, should you? You're really asking to be robbed by doing that." Whereas there are quite a lot of people saying things like "He isn't a sexual predator he is just a bit clumsy with women" and "Women should think more carefully about how much they drink and how they dress in order to avoid inviting sexual assault" or even...she is 'crying rape'. If the prosecution rates for violent robbery were as poor as they are for sexual assault there may be some validity to what you say. But they aren't. I could go on but I'm sure you get the idea....sounds like a rape culture to me.

Gary
23/7/2014 04:34:20 am

Similar comments from a father of two grown up daughter's. I wasn't controlling my kids by advising them to lock the car doors when they were in town late at night, nor was I thinking about the possibility of the rape culture of having an effect on the girls when, as Dad, Im suggesting the group hang together and nominate a sober driver. However, as a father, I don't know what I would do if a family member was attacked! Male or female.

Jeff Sluka
23/7/2014 05:18:59 am

Its pedantic and superficial to try to dismiss aspects of "rape culture" as being "safety culture" or part of "gang culture," etc, since culture is an integrated whole, not a group of disparate or unrelated parts. Jarrod's understanding of the concept of "culture" is quite superficial and certainly not what a cultural anthropologist would use. Also, it could be said that dismissing the concept of "rape culture" or being unfairly critical of it - a sort of 'backlash'
- is part or a reflection of that very culture. That's not to say that we shouldn't be critical of how the concept is used, but there is a 'politics' of this concept which is important to be aware of.

One aspect of rape culture is how in our society a great many women (and men too) who are sexually assaulted choose not to report it or keep it secret because of the consequences of doing so - which are often revictimisation, embarassment, and other extremely negative experiences. The way the legal system and other authorities deal with sexual assault is an important part of the 'rape culture'.

Anthony Miller link
27/11/2014 11:18:29 pm

Well, if you define words and phrases yourself you can make them mean anything you like. Really that's just a piece about dealing with unwanted sexual attention and misogyny into which the word "rape" has been injected. However, that is not the hypothesis of rape culture. The hypothesis of rape culture is that unwanted sexual attention and misogyny and any form of sexuality that isn't totally placid is on a spectrum of behaviour at the extreme end of which is rape. However, one might site the research of the Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network of America who say that "In the last few years, there has been an unfortunate trend towards blaming “rape culture” for the extensive problem of sexual violence on campuses. While it is helpful to point out the systemic barriers to addressing the problem, it is important to not lose sight of a simple fact: Rape is caused not by cultural factors but by the conscious decisions, of a small percentage of the community, to commit a violent crime" and Dr. David Lisak estimates that three percent of college men are responsible for more than 90% of rapes. "Other studies suggest that between 3-7% of college men have committed an act of sexual violence or would consider doing so. It is this relatively small percentage of the population, which has proven itself immune to years of prevention messages, that we must address in other ways". It's worth reading the report in full. You can download it from their website. Rape Culture is a classic Incitement argument which purports that masculinity which feminism believes is learned must be controlled... usually via some form of either censorship or social engineering. Extending crime of rape into "culture" is a method of attacking homosocial activities and male sexuality. To be fair there probably does need to be some form of control in regards to sexual repression but the argument that, for example, all depictions of violent sexuality result in rape is as disingenuous as the argument that all film violence leads to violence. In a small proportion of cases this may be true but most people are actually capable of distinguishing fantasy from reality and maintaining some kind of distinction between the two.
Similarly the dispensation of common sense advice to women to protect themselves is not automatically the incitement or promotion of rape either. The police put posters all over London telling people to be careful of their wallets and mobile phones and be wary of pickpockets but this is seldom extrapolated to mean that they are inciting theft. I think it was Brendan O'neill who said if you want people to be frightened of something append the word culture to it.

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Carla Molloy
29/11/2014 03:46:05 am

Rape culture creates a climate where offenders can offend because they know they will almost certainly get away with it. Rapists almost never get punished for myriad reasons: our collective tendency to blame victims of sexual assault; misconceptions about the frequency of false complaints that cause people in and out of the justice system to disbelieve allegations of rape; suspicion of allegations that don't follow the script of so-called 'real' rape (stranger attacks that involve injuries etc.); and so on. Rape culture doesn't just affect women either: think about the jokes people make about male prisoners getting raped.

review about gun safe link
17/3/2016 10:29:07 pm

I agree with you at this point

Matthew
22/7/2014 08:32:45 am

I don't know much about cultural studies, sociology or gender studies... but is there a chance that since so many people are using the term to mean a different thing to how it's 1970s sociological roots suggest then a wider interpretation of 'rape culture' has been socially constructed to mean something different to what it meant then?

So rather than not using the word, making it clear what your interpretation of the word is would also work? As you have done in this post.

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Clint
22/7/2014 10:10:21 am

Why do you begin with the 70's? Why not start back at the Colonialism Exploitation of the Indigenous Race here in Aotearoa? Or better yet The Pacification undertaken to control the heathen race by the various religious sects employed to Pacify The Natives. Take a close look at some of the instances of "one-sided interaction" to give a far clearer scope of what could possibly be the beginning of RAPE CULTURE on these shores and tell me that RAPE was not prevalent, with Prostitution, gun running and alcoholism the oldest professions in this country, I personally doubt that RAPE never happened, I just believe that if you want to study such a myth and seek understanding then start back at the start and begin with when the first boat/ship came to this country back in the 1800's. Somewhere there you might find THE ANSWER!!!

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Giovanni Tiso link
22/7/2014 10:22:07 am

"New Zealand most certainly does not uphold a rape culture.”

Last year the prominent conservative commentator Bob Jones wrote, and New Zealand Herald editor Shayne Currie published, an article entitled ‘Rape a risk for those who don’t act sensibly’ which was a compendium of most aspects of the culture as defined above. It was practically a manifesto. This happened in the most widely read newspaper nationwide. Absent such a culture, publication of this piece would have been inconceivable, just like our cultural allegiance to colonial racist values is what allowed the same paper to publish Paul Holmes’ Waitangi Day screed of a few years back. What’s important to understand and – I believe – entirely transparent in the way they are framed, is that these opinion pieces aren’t in any way counter-cultural: they originate from well within mainstream New Zealand culture. Just like the ‘opinions’ of Willie and JT, Sean Plunket, Andrew Fagan, the police chief who was waiting for “girls with the courage to come forward” (in spite of the fact they already had), those ALAC ads, a Prime Minister who feels he doesn’t need to apologise because sexual assault isn’t important enough… need I go on? All these are symptoms, manifestations of our culture. A culture that has a still far, far too high level of tolerance for rape and domestic violence and, when faced with its continuing failure to eradicate them or bring those responsible to justice, mutters excuses (always), blames the victims (often) and ridicules those who voice their shame.

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Carla Molloy
22/7/2014 08:29:04 pm

Giovanni Tiso, thank you so much for your response. You are exactly spot on. To be honest, I'm a little baffled by the idea that the idea of rape culture is a personal slight against men. Women have always been central to maintaining cultures of misogyny; rape culture is no different. Ironically, it is rape culture itself--for example, the idea that women need to regulate how they dress because men cannot control their sexual lust--that perpetuates the idea that all men are rapists. To me, THAT is something we should actually be offended by.

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John Drinnan
22/7/2014 10:34:24 am

Already a discussion on rape has been transformed into one on colonialism. It won't be very long before someone calls you a rape enabler.

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Giovanni Tiso link
22/7/2014 10:41:17 am

Okay, John Drinnan's smirking approval - a constant last year on many blogs when those Auckland gang rapists were in the news - should give you much more pause than anything I could ever write.

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Nils
22/7/2014 12:48:07 pm

"Men need to speak out and step-up when they see sexual harms occurring. This includes being mindful of sexist language. There are some linguistic examples of engrained sexism in language that illuminate how words affect our thinking. Language is important."

Yes, language is important, and yes engrained sexism in language illuminates the way we think = part of rape culture.

Until we are all actively part of the solution then we ARE part of the problem you've pointed out.

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O Happy Day!
22/7/2014 12:51:00 pm

It's OK for women to enjoy empowerment and for men to enjoy the operation of their conscience, examine the history of liberal rights in relation to themselves, or even psychological torture for its own sake if they are that way inclined. And Jarrod means to prompt by his (non)ironic donation - I think - if such sponge-wringing or indeed dunking leads to acts of social penance then the mores the better.

But I foresee the rape culture debate, including the Malaysian diplomat case, taking up a lot of air time without coming to a social conclusion, forever at the vanguard of the Palastine-Israel conflict and the election.

Get in early and set up automatic payments to your girlfriend; it could open the door to a Twitter debate about their proper quantification and other psycho-sexual games.

You can affirm rape culture with a glass of champagne in your hand and without taking a tax cut. You can't deny rape culture when you are being beaten in an freezing, inflating coop on Hampshire St.

And if I'm going to be hassled for never being right please have enough mercy to direct me to the Fraternity because I can't find it.

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O Happy Day!
22/7/2014 01:08:25 pm

Note I do think rape culture exists. I meant mine to be a social critique of men who engage in the debate.

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O Happy Day!
22/7/2014 01:19:17 pm

In summary and apology: I'm sorry Mummy for being Daddy.

Danyl Mclauchlan
22/7/2014 12:57:13 pm

Rape culture is a hypothesis. I don't know if it's true or not, but I do know that lots of women think it is, particularly victims of sexual violence, and organisations that deal with the victims of sexual violence, and that most of the people loudly insisting that it doesn't exist are men. This seems significant.

Like I said, it's a hypothesis, and we test these by making predictions. The 'rape culture' hypothesis predicts that the majority of rapes will go unpunished and that when woman complain about rape they'll be ignored, or subject to abuse, and to say that this is exactly what happens in our current criminal justice system is totally uncontroversial.

This doesn't mean the hypothesis is correct, but you can't just dismiss it away as a myth without putting up a more viable theory of your own to address the issues that the rape culture hypothesis raises.

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Jarrod
22/7/2014 01:52:27 pm

I agree wholeheartedly with what you are saying. It was never my intention to imply we don't have issues, we absolutely do (and hence my call to arms toward the end of the blog), I simply think the language of 'rape culture' is unhelpful. I am not part of any culture to do with rape, and nor I would argue are you or anybody else posting here. Saying New Zealand has a rape culture spreads the net too wide and this I believe to be counterproductive. It will exacerbate rather than solve the problems. I am not surprised that some of the vitriol that has come my way (not from you, Danyl, obviously) but anybody would think that I was arguing for sexual violence. I agree there is a problem, I think the framing of it is demonstrably incorrect and unhelpful. That is not hate speech, I wouldn't have thought, though some seem to have taken it as such. Thanks so much for your views, they were well articulated.

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Giovanni Tiso link
23/7/2014 01:35:53 am

"I think the framing of it is demonstrably incorrect and unhelpful."

You're basing the "demonstrably" part on changing the meaning that the phrase rape culture has had in feminist critique for the last four decades, and then showing that of course the meaning you've given it doesn't apply. That's not exactly helpful either. And, whilst seemingly agreeing with Danyl, you haven't really addressed his direct objection to your post either.

John Drinnan
22/7/2014 02:39:41 pm

excellent summary Danyl

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David
22/7/2014 01:33:33 pm

It is such a relief to read this blog post.

Personally, I don't believe we have a 'rape culture' in NZ, (fundamentally) because the vast majority of men are not rapists. Nor would they condone rape by other men. Regardless of what a woman was wearing. Or how she was acting.

Is this a perfect society? No. Do I have concerns around links between sexuality and violence? Sure. But it's far too easy to scaremonger via a global label like 'rape culture' - when the reality is far more complex. And, to me at least, the term diminishes the horror of the rape act.

Semantics matter. I thank you for this brave piece, Jarrod.

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Steve
22/7/2014 02:35:05 pm

Nice one, Dave. You've captured all that I wanted to say.

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Sonya
23/7/2014 09:55:50 am

I agree most men would not condone rape or rape themselves but there are wider issues that come under the rape culture umbrella that show how accustomed men are to inappropriate sexual conduct towards women.

For example, grabbing a girl's behind in a club packed of people is sexual assault. As a young woman, this would happen to me continuously while out on the town - I'm talking every five minutes or so. And of course it wasn't just me, my girlfriends and I all stopped going to nightclubs because if this. No one ever told these gropers to stop, in fact many were egging them on. This is rape culture, acting like this sort of behaviour is the norm.

Another example is yelling "nice rack" out the window of a car at a young woman. Yet another thing young women deal with on a day to day basis. And that is not exaggeration - it is something women deal with extremely often. This is sexual harassment. I've never met a woman this hasn't happened to regardless of age, ethnicity, size, dress sense. Rape culture is this being normal.

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Karen link
23/8/2016 02:55:46 pm

I like New Zealand. Thank for share it here

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Sher link
9/6/2022 11:43:09 am

Nice content and any form of sexual abuse must not be tolerated.

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